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  1. Kate Ascher, The Works, Anatomy of a City (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), 155.
  2. Ascher, 162.
  3. Ascher, 154.
  4. Ascher, 160.
  5. Frankie Edozien, "Gu$hing Water, 11.5 Percent Rate Hike on Tap in City," New York Post online, 15 May 2007 .
  6. Michael Pollak, "May 100 Hydrants Bloom," The New York Times online, 18 February 2007 .
  7. Elizabeth Royte, “On the Waterfront,” The New York Times online, 18 February 2007 .
  8. Ascher, 154.
  9. Permanent collection, New York City Fire Museum, New York, NY, September 2007.
  10. Permanent collection, New York City Fire Museum, New York, NY, September 2007.
  11. Michael Cooper, “Nearly Vandalproof Hydrants; Trying Again to Beat Those Trying to Beat Heat,” The New York Times online, 14 July 1995 .
  12. Alex Mindlin, “As the Heat Rose, the Hydrants Gushed,” The New York Times online, 6 August 2006 .
  13. “Accident at Hydrant Kills a 3-Year-Old,” The New York Times online, 19 June 1994 .
  14. Ascher, 167.
  15. New York City Department of Environmental Protection, “Leaks and Their Costs,” (9 August 2007).
  16. James Fanelli, “Hydrant Mishaps Soak City,” New York Post online, 2 September 2007 .
  17. New York City Department of Environmental Protection, “Current Resevoir Levels,” (June 2008).
  18. Corey Kilgannon, “On a Hot and Restless Day, a Hydrant and a Wrench Turn a Block Into a Water Park,” The New York Times online, 5 September 2005 .
  19. Mindlin.
  20. New York City Department of City Planning, Manhattan Community District 12 (December 2007), 1.
  21. City College Architectural Center, City College of New York, Washington Heights and Inwood Planning and Land Use Study (March 2008), 8.
  22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Heat Island Effect,” (12 October 2007).
  23. Sondra Wolfer, “HEAT is on as Fire Hydrant Mischief Drying Up,” New York Daily News online, 11 September 2007 .
  24. J.M. Grove, J. P. M. O'Neil-Dunne, K. Pelletier, D. J. Nowak and J. Walton, A Report on New York City's Present and Possible Urban Tree Canopy. (South Burlington: Northeastern Research Station: USDA Forest Service, 2006), 24-25.
  25. Douglas Martin, “A Day in the Water, Floating on Air; A Swimmer Finds That Manhattan's 12 Municipal Pools Are Oases Where All Cares Dissolve,” The New York Times online, 15 August 1999 .
  26. New York City Department of City Planning, 4.
  27. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, (New York: Random House, 1961), 57.
  28. Kilgannon.
  29. City of New York and New York City Department of City Planning, New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex & Borough, 2000–2030, (December 2006), 4–5.
  30. Kim Knowlton et al., "Projecting Heat-Related Mortality Impacts Under a Changing Climate in the New York City Region," American Journal of Public Health, 97 (2007): 2028–2034.
  31. New York City Department of Environmental Protection, "History of Drought and Water Consumption,"(January 2007).
  32. Robert Freudenberg, "Oil & Water," Spotlight on the Region, Regional Plan Association online, vol. 6 no. 23 (11 January 2008).

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